Clear evidence found that some supermassive black holes form without a stellar collapse

- Researchers report clear evidence that some supermassive black holes (SMBHs) formed without first undergoing stellar collapse. - Observations and modelling indicate these SMBHs likely arose via direct collapse of massive gas clouds in the early universe. - This pathway helps explain very massive early quasars that are hard to grow from stellar seeds. - Findings affect models of black‑hole and galaxy formation in the early cosmos.

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